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Seongsan Ilchulbong

Seongsan Ilchulbong (성산일출봉; map), or “Sunrise Peak,” is located on the eastern coast of Jeju Island and recognized as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

Formed approximately 5,000 years ago by an underwater volcanic eruption, this tuff cone rises 182 meters above sea level. Its broad, bowl-like crater and striking coastal cliffs have earned it a place among Jeju’s top ten scenic wonders, known as Yeongju Sip Gyeong (영주십경).

Seongsan Ilchulbong also gains fame because visitors often come during “sunrises”  to view the rising sun painting colorful hues on the tuft cone and surrounding landscape.

Geology

Seongsan Ilchulbong formed during the late Pleistocene epoch, approximately 5,000 years ago, through hydrovolcanic eruptions.

These eruptions occurred when rising magma interacted explosively with seawater in a shallow marine environment. The intense thermal shock fractured the magma, producing fine volcanic ash and pyroclastic materials that settled to form the tuff cone’s distinct layers.

The resulting structure featured a nearly symmetrical cone with steep slopes, showing stratified layers of compacted volcanic ash, scoria, and pumice. At its summit lies a wide, bowl-shaped crater approximately 600 meters in diameter and 90 meters deep. The remnants of a volcanic island that later connected to Jeju Island through sediment deposition.

The cliffs surrounding Seongsan Ilchulbong expose tuff layers with alternating bands of darker, denser material and lighter ash deposits. These stratifications offer insights into the volcanic and sedimentary processes that occurred during its formation. Such geological features make it an ideal study site for understanding underwater eruptions, pyroclastic flow behavior, and depositional patterns.

Comparative Geology

Seongsan Ilchulbong shares similarities with other tuff cones globally, such as Diamond Head in Hawaii and Maungawhau (Mount Eden) in New Zealand. Like these sites, Seongsan Ilchulbong demonstrates the effects of explosive volcanic activity in a coastal or shallow marine setting. However, its distinctiveness lies in its preservation and accessibility.

Unlike many tuff cones that erode rapidly due to exposure to wave action, Seongsan Ilchulbong has retained much of its original shape over millennia. This is partly due to its unique geological makeup, with harder layers of basaltic material interspersed among softer ash layers. The preservation of its steep crater walls provides an exceptional example of a “wet eruption” volcanic landform, rarely observed with such clarity elsewhere in the world.

Additionally, Seongsan Ilchulbong’s location within Jeju Island’s volcanic landscape offers a comparative context with nearby features like Halla Mountain’s shield volcano and Jeju’s lava tube systems, such as Manjang Cave.

Preservation

Over thousands of years, natural forces such as wind, rain, and wave erosion have gradually reshaped parts of Seongsan Ilchulbong’s cliffs and crater edges. Coastal processes continue to wear away at the base of the cone, while human activities, including tourism and fishing, have contributed to localized degradation.

To mitigate these impacts, UNESCO and Jeju Island authorities have implemented several conservation measures. Restricted zones around vulnerable cliff areas prevent unauthorized access, while carefully managed visitor pathways minimize foot traffic on fragile surfaces.

Further scientific studies monitor erosion rates and sediment movement around the base of the tuff cone, ensuring that Seongsan Ilchulbong remains both a natural wonder and a valuable research site for future generations.

Flora and Fauna

Seongsan Ilchulbong supports over 127 coastal plant species, including endemic ones like Jeju pink grass, which blankets the slopes in autumn. Salt-tolerant grasses and shrubs thrive on its volcanic soil, particularly on the crater’s upper slopes. Historically, these grasslands were maintained by grazing livestock, a practice that preserved the natural balance of the ecosystem. Seasonal wildflowers add vibrant color, especially in spring, highlighting the diversity of Jeju’s unique flora.

The intertidal zones at Seongsan Ilchulbong’s base are rich with tide pools hosting crabs, shellfish, and small fish. The cliffs serve as nesting grounds for seabirds such as gulls and cormorants, while migratory species like herons rest here during their seasonal journeys.

History and Culture

Seongsan Ilchulbong played a pivotal role in the history and defense of Jeju Island. During the Joseon Dynasty (1392 ~ 1897), it served as a beacon point for maritime and territorial defense. Signal fires were lit at the summit to communicate warnings of impending invasions or pirate activity. The site was part of a broader network of beacon mounds (봉수대; bongsudae) that extended across Korea, linking coastal and inland areas in a rapid communication system.

The steep slopes of Seongsan Ilchulbong provided a natural fortress, offering clear visibility of the surrounding seas and deterring potential attackers. Its strategic location on Jeju’s eastern coast also made it a vital navigational landmark for seafarers, aiding in the orientation of ships traveling between the Korean Peninsula, Japan, and the East China Sea.

The crater’s grassy plains were also used by local villagers for grazing livestock. The fertile soil, enriched by volcanic ash, supported the growth of grasses and shrubs, making it a valuable communal resource.

Folklore and Legends

Seongsan Ilchulbong is steeped in the mythology of Jeju Island. The most well-known legend involves Seolmundae Halmang, a mythical giantess who is said to have created much of Jeju’s topography. According to folklore, she used Seongsan Ilchulbong’s summit as a wash basin for her daily chores. Her immense size and strength were thought to shape the island’s volcanic features, including its distinctive craters and cliffs.

Another enduring tale revolves around the crater’s 99 spires, which are believed to represent unfulfilled aspirations. Local lore suggests that if the formation had reached 100 spires, fierce predators like tigers would have been able to inhabit Jeju Island. The “missing” spire is often associated with themes of balance and harmony.

Additionally, the nearby rock formations and tide pools are imbued with spiritual significance. Villagers once performed rituals to appease the sea gods and ensure bountiful harvests and safe voyages.

Modern Recognition

Seongsan Ilchulbong has long been celebrated in Korean art, literature, and folklore. Its inclusion in the Yeongju Ten Sights (영주십경; Yeongju Sip Gyeong) underscores its cultural significance. These ten iconic views represent the natural beauty and heritage of Jeju Island, and Seongsan Ilchulbong ranks as one of the most cherished.

In contemporary times, the peak has become a symbol of Jeju’s unique identity. It features prominently in traditional Korean paintings and modern media, including films and television dramas that showcase its dramatic cliffs and stunning sunrises.

The site also serves as an educational resource, with local schools and universities incorporating field trips and studies about its geological and cultural importance into their curricula.

Seongsan Sunrise Festival

Held annually on December 31st, the Seongsan Sunrise Festival is a celebration of the New Year. Visitors can enjoy cultural performances, local food stalls, and fireworks before ascending Seongsan Ilchulbong to witness the first sunrise of the year—a symbol of renewal and hope.

Visiting

The hike to the summit takes approximately 20 ~ 30 minutes. While steep, the path is well-paved with steps and railings. Rest points along the trail offer sweeping views of the coastline and surrounding countryside. At the top, visitors are rewarded with a panoramic view of the volcanic crater, the East Sea, and nearby Udo Island.

For visitors who prefer a less strenuous experience, coastal trails around the base provide stunning views of tide pools, volcanic rock formations, and the cliffside ecosystem.

Seasonal Highlights

  • Spring: The slopes come alive with blooming wildflowers.
  • Autumn: Grasses in the crater turn golden, creating a serene landscape.
  • Winter: Clear skies make this the best season for capturing sunrises.

Certification Center

Cyclists on the Jeju Fantasy Bike Path can stop at the Seongsan Ilchulbong Certification Center (성산일출봉 인증센터; map), where they can stamp their Bike Passport. The center offers a shaded rest area and water stations, making it a popular break for long-distance riders.

Practical Information

  • Admission Fee: ₩5,000 for adults; ₩2,500 for children. Discounts are available for groups and Jeju residents.
  • Operating Hours:
    • March ~ September: 7:00 AM ~ 8:00 PM (Last admission: 7:00 PM).
    • October ~ February: 7:30 AM ~ 7:00 PM (Last admission: 5:50 PM).
    • Closed on the first Monday of each month.
  • Facilities: Restrooms, parking lots, souvenir shops, and cafes are available near the base.

Nearby Attractions

Dongamsa Temple

Dongamsa Temple (동암사; map) rests at the base of Seongsan Ilchulbong. This Buddhist temple, founded in 1937, serves as a sanctuary for spiritual seekers and casual visitors. It provides a tranquil space to reflect while taking in the striking views of Seongsan Ilchulbong and the surrounding landscape.

Udo Island

A short ferry ride from Seongsan Port, Udo Island is renowned for its pristine beaches, coastal bike trails, and breathtaking ocean views. The island’s signature specialty, peanut ice cream, is a popular treat for visitors.

Udo’s laid-back atmosphere and scenic attractions, such as Seobinbaeksa Beach with its striking white coral sands, make it a favorite for both day-trippers and those seeking an immersive island experience.

Seopjikoji Coast

Located just south of Seongsan Ilchulbong, the Seopjikoji Coast features dramatic cliffs, an historic lighthouse, and fields of seasonal wildflowers. The area’s volcanic red soil contrasts with the blue ocean, creating a stunning landscape. The walking trails at Seopjikoji offer coastal views, making it a prime spot for photography and quiet reflection.

Aqua Planet Jeju

One of Asia’s largest aquariums, Aqua Planet Jeju (아쿠아플라넷 제주; map) holds vast collection of exhibits and interactive experiences. The facility features a variety of marine life from across the globe, including sharks, rays, and tropical fish.